This blog post is adapted from Macroeconomic Update, August 2014, Vol.2, No.2. Here are earlier blog posts on real sector and FY2015 growth and inflation outlook.
I. Expenditure Performance
Despite the timely full budget, the expenditure performance in FY2014 was unsatisfactory. The CA II elections, budget execution delays, and long-running procedural and procurement hassles constrained absorptive capacities[1], resulting in lower than targeted capital spending. Much of the bureaucracy was assigned to conducting the CA II elections, virtually stalling the capital expenditure related procedural approval and procurement activities for about three months. The estimated actual capital spending was 74.9% of planned capital expenditure in FY2014, lower than the 82.6% achieved in FY2013[2]. Meanwhile, actual recurrent spending was 84.2% of planned recurrent expenditure, also lower than the 88.7% in FY2013 (Figure 8). Overall expenditure grew by 19.6%, with recurrent and capital spending growth at 20.2% and 16.7%, respectively— all higher than their corresponding growth rates in FY2013 (Figure 9).
Within recurrent expenditures, compensation of employees increased by 27.6% as a result of the hike in public sector employees’ salaries by 18% and an additional allowance of NRs1,000. Grant to local bodies, use of goods and services[3], and interest and services payments increased by over 20%, but subsidies[4] decreased by 72.7% (Figure 10). Overall, recurrent expenditures are estimated to be 16.4% of GDP, higher than 14.6% of GDP in FY2013.
Capital spending continued to be low as in the previous FY, reaching just 3.3% of GDP in FY2014— marginally higher than the 3.2% of GDP posted in FY2013 but much lower than the targeted 4.4% of GDP in FY2014 (Figure 11). Apart from the slowdown engendered by the CA II elections, other persistent factors impeding capital spending are: (i) lack of project readiness, in terms of timely preparatory activities such as detailed project design, land acquisition, establishment of project management offices and required personnel, and procurement plans; (ii) delays in project approval and budget release; (iii) delays in procurement related processes; and (iv) overall weak project planning and implementation capacity[5]. The country needs to drastically increase capital spending, both quantum and quality, to address the large infrastructure deficit (estimated to be between 8% and 12% of GDP annually until 2020), to set the foundation for graduation from LDC category to a developing country status by 2022[6], and to achieve other social development objectives that are curial for inclusive economic growth.
Within capital expenditures, land purchase declined by 48.2%, faster than the rate of decline in FY2013. It indicates the difficulties surrounding land acquisition for infrastructure projects. Spending on building construction, plant and machinery, and research and consultancy grew by over 20%. Vehicle purchase grew by a whopping 248.7%, which could partly be attributed to the low base effect. The expenditure for civil works increased by just 11.2%, reflecting approval and procurement related delays. Except for civil works— which was 2.3% of GDP, the same as in FY2012 and FY2013— none of the eight sub-categories within capital expenditures was above 1% of GDP (Figure 12).
As in the previous years, FY2014 saw bunching of spending, especially capital spending, towards the last few months. Almost one-fourth of actual total public expenditure was done in the last month and 42.4% in the last three months. Of the actual capital spending, 37.8% was spent in the last month and 58.8% in the last three months (Figure 13). This pattern of spending is not much different from previous years, irrespective of the timeliness of issuance of budget. It raises concerns about not only the absorptive capacity, but also the structural issues concerning budget execution as outlined above.
The ballooning recurrent expenditure is a matter of concern as it remained about NRs4 billion higher than tax revenue in FY2014. Furthermore, the growth rate of recurrent expenditure has been higher than the growth rate of tax revenue in the last three years. Rationalization of recurrent expenditures— a significant portion of these go to public sector salary, and pension and social security related obligations—is required for creating the fiscal space needed to boost allocations for capital expenditure. Although capital spending allocation can be enhanced through increased domestic/international borrowing in the short to medium-term, in the long-term strengthening revenue mobilization and recurrent expenditure rationalization will be needed so as to reduce the reliance on increased borrowing.
II. Revenue Performance
Total revenue grew by 20.6%, marginally lower than its 21.2% growth in FY2013, reaching NRs356.8 billion (18.5% of GDP). It is higher than the budget target of NRs354.5 billion, thanks to the significant increase in non-tax revenue, which partly offset the lower tax revenue growth. While non-tax revenue grew by 23.8% as opposed to a decline by 2.7% in FY2013, tax revenue growth slowed down to 20.1% from 25.8% in FY2013. As a share of GDP, tax revenue mobilization has improved significantly, reaching 16.2% in FY2014, up from 15.3% a year earlier (Figure 14). The continuous reforms in revenue administration, broadening of the tax base, and the higher import bill resulted in robust revenue performance. Some of the notable reforms undertaken in recent years include: (i) information and communication technology based tax returns filing and payments systems; (ii) establishment of a data link with the Company Registrar’s Office to enhance tax compliance[7]; (iii) measures to reduce tax compliance costs; (iv) strengthening of tax monitoring and audit systems; (v) measures to widen the tax net for various tax categories; and (vi) implementation of the Any Branch Banking System (ABBS) for large tax payers.
Revenue mobilization from all sources, except vehicle tax, grew in FY2014. The growth rate of value added tax (VAT), excise duty, land registration fee, and non-tax revenue was higher than in FY2013. They increased by 20.9%, 23.8%, 32.5% and 23.8%, respectively. Income tax and customs revenue increased by 16.3% and 19.3%, respectively, lower than 28.1% and 31.1% in FY2013 (Figure 15). The deceleration in VAT collections is attributed to the lower growth of VAT on production; goods, sales and distribution; and service and contracts. Overall, VAT contributed the largest (28.3%) to total revenue mobilization, followed by income tax (21.8%), customs (19%), and excise duty (12.7%) (Figure 16). Taxes on consumption and imported goods, which are largely financed by remittance income, constitute a lion’s share of total tax revenue mobilization—around 70%. Furthermore, import-based revenues (custom duties, VAT, and excise on imports only) account for about 45% of total revenue.
III. Budget Balance
The robust revenue growth combined with the lower than expected expenditure resulted in a lower than average fiscal deficit[8] equivalent to 0.1% of GDP in FY2014 (Figure 17). Though this is better than the fiscal surplus equivalent to 0.7% of GDP in FY2013, it is still lower than the medium-term average fiscal deficit of about 2.2% of GDP. For a low-income country with a large financing need to bridge the infrastructure deficit, particularly in hydropower and transport, running a modest fiscal deficit without jeopardizing fiscal sustainability is desirable. Nepal faces an estimated infrastructure financing gap of between 8-12% of GDP until 2020. The total net borrowing amounted to NRs26.6 billion in FY2014 (1.4% of GDP).
IV. Public Debt
Nepal’s overall outstanding public debt (external and domestic) has been steadily declining, reaching an estimated 30.1% of GDP in FY2014 (Figure 18). Total external debt decreased to 18.4% of GDP in FY2014 from 19.7% of GDP in FY2013. Similarly, total domestic debt declined to 11.7% of GDP from 13% of GDP in FY2013, reflecting the lower than targeted domestic borrowing as a result of the wide gap between actual and planned expenditure. External debt service payments stands at around 9.8% of exports of goods and non-factor services. The declining stock of public debt and debt service payments generally indicate prudent fiscal and public debt management.
V. Public Enterprises
The overall performance of public enterprises (PEs) improved in FY2013 as a result of the lower than expected losses of Nepal Oil Corporation (NOC) and Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA). Of the 37 PEs, 17 made losses and one did not make any transaction. 4 PEs that incurred losses in FY2012 earned profits in FY2013. Compared to a net loss of NRs 3.5 billion in FY2012 (0.23% of GDP), FY2013 saw a surprising rebound with an estimated net profit of NRs 11.4 billion (0.7% of GDP). This is largely attributed to the substantial reduction in losses of NOC and NEA (Figure 19). As a result of the decrease in prices of crude oil in the international market and an increase in administered fuel prices, NOC’s losses dropped to NRs2.1 billion in FY2013 from NRs9.5 billion in FY2012. Similarly, NEA’s losses dropped to NRs4.6 billion from NRs9.9 billion, thanks mainly to the increase in electricity tariff by 20%, decline in exchange rate losses by NRs220 million, and reduction in provisioning for employees’ expenditure by NRs740 million.[9] The combined losses of NOC and NEA amounted to 0.4% of GDP in FY2013, down from 1.3% of GDP in FY2012. Nepal Telecom’s (NT) profit of NRs11.3 billion in FY2013 (0.7% of GDP) compensated for most of the losses incurred by PEs. The government is projecting a decline in net profit in FY2014 due to the expected rise in losses of NOC and NEA (equivalent to about 0.9% of GDP).
The cumulative liabilities of PEs increased from 1.8% of GDP in FY2012 to 2.5% of GDP in FY2013 as a result of the rise in both unfunded and contingent liabilities. The unfunded liabilities (salary, pension, social security contribution, health care, and recurrent costs, among others, that the PEs cannot finance themselves) have increased steadily from 1.0% of GDP in FY2009 to 1.6% of GDP in FY2013. A major contributor to the rise in unfunded liabilities is the hike in salary and allowances in the public sector. Meanwhile, contingent liabilities (state guarantees of loans, defaults of PEs, and clean-up liabilities of privatized PEs, among others) also increased in FY2013 after a steady decline in the past four years. It reached 0.9% of GDP in FY2013, up from 0.4% of GDP in FY2012. These have contributed to the overall increase in the reported liabilities (Figure 20).
Either privatization or liquidation of loss making PEs needs to be accelerated to reduce the budget drain. The weak financial position of PEs has led to large unfunded liabilities, especially for pension and other related retirement benefits, which could ultimately become the government’s liabilities. It may be noted that due to the lack of accurate and updated data, the contingent liability of PEs presented here are at best conservative estimates. It is likely that the government is exposed to much higher level of liabilities. In this regard, fiscal and macroeconomic stability could potentially be subject to significant risks. Continuing the adjustment of electricity tariffs and adjustment of fuel prices to reflect the true cost of production will help to lower the losses and liabilities.
[1] Absorptive capacity generally refers to the skills mastered by bureaucracy, state of infrastructure, and quality of institutions.
[2] Due to the caretaker status of the then government and the lack of broader political consensus, a timely and full budget could not be introduced in FY2013. Instead, the budget was introduced on a piecemeal basis on 15 July 2012 (one-third of the actual expenditure in FY2012), 20 November 2012 (two-thirds of the actual expenditure in FY2012), and 9 April 2013 (a full budget consolidating the previous two partial budgets). The planned capital spending was NRs66.1 billion in FY2013, of which NRs54.6 billion was spent.
[3] Use of goods and services consists of (i) rent & services; (ii) operation and maintenance of capital assets; (iii) office materials and services; (iv) consultancy and other services fee; (v) program expenses; (vi) monitoring, evaluation and travel expenses; (vii) recurrent contingencies; and (viii) miscellaneous.
[4] Subsidies include direct subsidies to non-financial public corporations and private enterprises only. Actual direct and indirect subsidies are much higher. This does not include subsidies for chemical and organic fertilizer, micro-hydropower projects, transportation subsidy for seed and fertilizer supply, and interest subsidies to farmers groups and cooperatives, among others.
[5] The Commission for Investigation of Abuse of Authority’s (CIAA) pro-active monitoring of corruption in bureaucracy has also delayed decision making, especially those related to procurement.
[6] For a detailed analysis on prospects for Nepal’s graduation to a developing country status by 2022, see: ADB. August 2013. Macroeconomic Update. Vol.1, No.2, Manila: Asian Development Bank.
[7] The cost of collection per NRs1,000 decreased from NRs16.4 in FY2007 to NRs12.7 in FY2011.
[8] Fiscal balance is computed as expenditures (including net lending) minus revenue (including grants). However, normal fiscal balance (revenue minus expenditure and net financing) was a surplus equivalent to 1.3% of GDP.
[9] The high losses of NEA are attributed to the rising electricity import, which is sold at suppressed rates, from India, and the still large provisioning for pension and gratuity of employees. The average electricity import price is NRs8.4 per unit, but the retail price is NRs8.04 per unit. Nepal imports around 200 MW of electricity during the dry season.
